BI 121 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I

1. Describe the nature of science, use the principles of science to evaluate hypotheses, theories, and sources of scientific information, and use the scientific method to solve biological problems.
2. Identify selected anatomical structures and their interrelationships in selected organ systems.
3. Explain key physiological processes in selected organ systems.
4. Analyze the major relationships between selected organ systems.
5. Relate homeostatic mechanisms to normal physiological processes.
6. Identify and describe the structure and function of selected components of cells and the tissue that they comprise.
7. Relate the significance of energy processing to selected organ systems.
8. Relate the significance of regulatory systems to selected organ systems.
9. Contrast abnormal anatomical and physiological conditions to normal states. (GELO 7)
10. Demonstrate a comprehension of three-dimensional anatomical relationships.
11. Organize a sequence of biological events in a physiological process. (GELO 3)

I. The Study of Science

    A. Fields of anatomy and physiology

    B. Nature of science

    C. Process of science

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

I. Anatomy and Physiology in Perspective

     A. Study of Life

          1. Characteristics of organisms

     B. Definition of anatomy

     C. Definition of physiology

     D. Interrelationship of form and function

II. Levels of Organization

     A. Hierarchy of organization in body from atoms to organ systems

     B. Definition of a cell

     C. Definition of a tissue and brief introduction to four categories of tissues in body

     D. Overview of 11 organ systems and a major function(s)

Note: The endocrine system will be covered as an overview at this time.　Elements of the endocrine system will be presented throughout BI 121 and BI 122 as well as a capstone/summary presentation in BI 122.

III. Homeostasis

     A. Negative feedback explanation and examples

     B. Positive feedback explanation and examples

IV. Anatomical Terms

     A. Superficial and regional anatomy

     B. Directional and sectional terms

     C. Body cavities

          1. Dorsal body cavities

          2. Ventral body cavities

               a. Serous membranes

Chapter 2 - Chemical Level of Organization

I. Atoms and Molecules

     A. Structure of an atom

     B. Electrons, energy levels, and valence electrons

     C. Examples of ionic and covalent bonds in the body

     D. The three states of matter

          1. Hydrogen bonds and surface tension

II. Chemical Reactions

     A. Chemical notation as used to symbolize chemical reactions

     B. The three basic types of chemical reactions constitute metabolism

          1. Decomposition reactions

               a. Definitions of catabolism and hydrolysis

          2. Synthesis reactions

               a. Definitions of anabolism and dehydration synthesis

          3. Exchange reaction

     C. Enzymes

          1. Definition of activation energy

          2. Definition of catalyst

III. The Importance of Water in the Body

     A. Properties of water

          1. Lubrication

          2. Reactivity

          3. High heat capacity

          4. Solubility

     B. Why physiological systems depend on water

          1. Significance of electrolytes in the body

          2. Difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules

     C. Homeostasis of body fluid pH

          1. Definition of pH

          2. Differences between acids, bases, and salts

          3. Significance of buffers in pH regulation of body fluids

IV. Organic Compounds

     A. Carbohydrates

          1. Definition of a carbohydrate

          2. Monosaccharides – examples and primary functions

          3. Disaccharides – examples and primary functions

          4. Polysaccharides – examples and primary functions

     B. Lipids

          1. Definition of a lipid

2. Fatty acids – examples (including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) and primary functions

          3. Glycerides – examples and primary functions

          4. Phospholipids – examples and primary functions

          5. Steroids – examples and primary functions

          6. Eicosanoids – examples and primary functions

     C. Proteins

          1. Definition of a protein

          2. Examples of proteins, primary functions, and subunits

          3. The effects of denaturation on the structural and functional properties of a protein

          4. Enzymes

               a. Active site, substrate, and specificity

    b. Factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reactions: denaturation, saturation limit, and enzyme concentrations

     D. Nucleic Acids

          1. Definition of a nucleic acid

  2. DNA - sugar, nitrogenous bases, number of nucleotides in typical molecule, shape of molecule, and primary function

  3. RNA - sugar, nitrogenous bases, number of nucleotides in typical molecule, shape of molecule, and primary function

     E. ATP

          1. Basic structure

          2. Primary function

Chapter 3 – Cellular Level of Organization

I. An Introduction to Cells

     A. Plasma membrane structure and function

     B. Cytoskeleton

          1. Three basic components of the cytoskeleton

          2. Microvilli

          3. Cilia

          4. Centrioles

     C. Function of the rough and endoplasmic reticula

     D. Function of the Golgi appartus

     E. Mitochondria

          1. Glycolysis

               a. Definition

               b. Location

               c. End products

          2. Aerobic respiration

               a. Definition

               b. Location

               c. Gas requirements

               d. End products

II. Structure and Function of the Nucleus

     A. Contents and structure of nucleus

     B. Difference between DNA, chromatin, and chromosome

     C. Number of chromosomes in somatic cells vs sex cells

     D. Relationship of DNA, enzymes, and the three types of RNA in protein synthesis

     E. Transcription

          1. Definition

          2. Transcription of mRNA

     F. Translation

          1. Definition

          2. Role of mRNA and tRNA

III. How Substances Enter and Leave the Cell

     A. Definition of selectively permeability

     B. Passive transport mechanisms

          1. Diffusion

               a. Movement driven by concentration gradient

               b. Osmosis

               c. Osmolarity and tonicity

          2. Carrier-mediated transport/facilitated diffusion

     C. Active transport mechanisms

          1. Carrier-mediated transport

               a. Active transport/ion pumps

               b. Secondary active transport

          2. Vesicular transport

               a. Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

               b. Exocytosis

IV. The Cell Life Cycle

     A. Interphase

     B. Mitosis

     C. Cancer

Chapter 5 – The Integumentary System

I. Functional Anatomy of the Skin

     A. Functions of the integumentary system

     B. Major structural layers of the epidermis and functional significance of each

     C. Factors influencing skin color

          1. Epidermal pigmentation

          2. Dermal circulation

     D. Structure and function of the dermis and hypodermis

II. Accessory Organs of the Skin

     A. Hair composition and function

     B. Sebaceous and sweat glands

          1. Type of glands

          2. Locations

          3. Functions

     C. Nail composition and function

     D. Age-related changes of the integument

     E. Hormonal effects on the integument

          1. Steroid hormones

          2. Thyroid hormones

          3. Sex hormones

          4. Growth hormones

          5. Growth Factors

     F. Ultraviolet radiation, Vitamin D, and the integument

     G. Wound repair

UNIT II:  SKELETAL SYSTEM

Chapter 6 – Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure

I.  Introduction to the Bones of the Skeletal System

     A. Functions of the skeletal system

     B. Classify bones according to shape and structure

     C. Anatomy of a long bone

     D. Histology of bone

          1. Cells and their functions

          2. Matrix composition and function

          3. Compact bone structure

          4. Spongy bone structure

     E. Appositional bone growth

     F. Endochondral ossification process (major events)

     G. Intramembranous ossification process (major events)

     H. Abnormalities of bone growth

II. Physiology of Bones

     A. Primary hormones regulating calcium ion metabolism

          1. Parathyroid hormone

          2. Calcitonin

     B. Hormones regulating bone growth and development

          1. Growth hormone

          2. T3 and T4

          3. Sex hormones

III. Fracture Repair

Chapter 8 – Articulations

I. Joint Design and Movement

     A. Functional category

          1. Synarthrosis

          2. Amphiarthrosis

          3. Diarthrosis

     B. Structural category and type

          1. Fibrous (suture and gomphosis)

          2. Cartilaginous (synchondrosis)

          3. Bony fusion (synostosis)

          4. Synovial

               a. Structure of typical synovial joint

               b. Functional properties (i.e. types of motion permitted)

II. Articulations of the Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

     A. Types of synovial joints in the body

III. Arthritis

UNIT III:  MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Chapter 9 - Skeletal Muscle Tissue

I. Functional Anatomy of Muscle Tissue

     A. Skeletal muscle tissue

     B. Cardiac muscle tissue

     C. Smooth muscle tissue

II. Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

III. Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle

     A. Connective tissue coverings

     B. Muscle fibers, myoblasts, myosatellite cells

     C. Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber

          1. Myofilaments and sarcomeres

          2. T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

          3. A bands and I bands

IV. Skeletal Muscle Contraction

     A. Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

     B. Events at the neuromuscular junction

     C. ATP usage in muscle fiber contraction

V. Ways to Increase Tension in Skeletal Muscle

     A. Tension and optimal length of sarcomeres

     B. Frequency of stimulation of muscle fibers

     C. Motor unit recruitment

VI. Isotonic Contractions

     A. Concentric vs eccentric

VII. Isometric Contractions

VIII. Sources of Energy in a Muscle Fiber

     A. Stored energy sources (ATP, CP, glycogen)

     B. Glycolysis review

     C. Aerobic respiration review

IX. Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

X. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and their properties

     A. Fast

     B. Slow

     C. Intermediate

XI. Muscular System - Clinical Considerations

     A. Hypertrophy

     B. Atrophy

     C. Paralysis

     D. Others to consider (polio, tetanus, muscular dystrophies, botulism, myasthenia gravis)

UNIT IV: NERVOUS SYSTEM PART

Chapter 11 – Neural Tissue

I. Neurons

     A. Typical structure of a neuron

     B. Functions of components in neuron

     C. Classifications of neurons based on structure and function

II. Neuroglia

     A. Locations and functions of neuroglia in the CNS

     B. Locations and functions of Schwann cells and satellite cells

III. Neurophysiology

     A. How the resting potential is created and maintained

     B. Functions of gated channels with respect to permeability of the plasma membrane

     C. Events involved in generation and propagation of an action potential

     D. Continuous and saltatory propagation

          1. Factors that affect action potential propagation speed

     E. General synapse structure in CNS and PNS

          1. Sequence of events at chemical synapse

     F. Interactions that lead to processing of information in neural tissue

Chapter 12 – The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes

I. Reflexes

     A. Classification of reflexes

     B. Steps in a neural reflex

     C. Monosynaptic (stretch) reflexes

     D. Polysynapatic (withdrawal and crossed extensor) reflexes

     E. Clinical uses of reflexes

Chapter 13 – The Brain and Cranial Nerves

I. Primary and Secondary Brain Vesicles

II. Overview of Brain Regions and their Functional Characteristics

     A. Cerebrum

     B. Diencehpalon

     C. Cerebellum

     D. Brainstem

     E. Ventricles

III. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

     A. Inter-relationship of the 3 meningeal layers

     B. Function of the meninges

     C. Function of the CSF

     D. Circulation of the CSF

IV. Basic Components and Functions of Medulla Oblongata and Pons

V. Basic Components and Functions of Midbrain

VI. Basic Components and Functions of Diencephalon

     A. Epithalamus

     B. Thalamus

     C. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

     D. Mammillary bodies

VII. Basic Components and Functions of Limbic System

VIII. Basic Components and Functions of the Basal Nuclei

IX. Major Superficial Landmarks of the Cerebrum

X. Basic Motor, Sensory, and Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

     A. Motor cortex

     B. Sensory cortex and association area

     C. Auditory cortex and association area

     D. Visual cortex and association area

     E. Gustatory cortex and association area

     F. Olfactory cortex and association area

     G. Integrative centers

          1. Speech (Broca’s) center

          2. General interpretive area (Wernicke’s)

          3. Prefrontal cortex

          4. Frontal eye field

          5. Hemispheric lateralization

XI. Significance of White Matter

XII. EEGs

XIII. General Sensory Receptors

     A. Nocioceptors

     B. Thermoreceptors

     C. Chemoreceptors

     D. Mechanoreceptors

     E. Examples in body

     F. Adaptation of receptors

XIV. Somatic Sensory Pathways

     A. Brief description of spinothalamic pathways

     B. Brief description of posterior column pathways

     C. Brief description of spinocerebellar pathway

XV. Somatic Motor Pathways

     A. Brief description of corticospinal (pyramidal) pathways

     B. Brief descriptions of medial pathways

     C. Brief description of lateral pathway

XVI. Levels of Somatic Motor Control

XVII. Nervous System Disorders

     A. Referred pain

     B. Parkinson disease

     C. Rabies

     D. Cerebral palsy

     E. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

     F. Alzheimer disease

     G. Multiple sclerosis

Chapter 14 - The Autonomic Nervous System

I. Divisions of the ANS

     A. Sympathetic nervous system

          1. Basic pathways (including receptors and neurotransmitters)

          2. General functions- provide overview with only a few specific examples

     B. Parasympathetic nervous system

          1. Basic pathways (including receptors and neurotransmitters)

          2. General functions – provide overview with only a few specific examples

II. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Roles in Autonomic Reflexes

III. The Multiple Levels of ANS Control

Chapter 15 – The Special Senses

I. Olfaction and Gustation

     A. Olfactory receptors and pathways

     B. Gustatory receptors, taste buds, and pathways

II. Equilibrium and Hearing

     A. The 3 subdivisions of the ear

     B. Structure and function of the bony labyrinth

     C. Function of the semicircular ducts

     D. Function of the cochlear duct

     E. Function of the organ of Corti

     F. Equilibrium and hearing pathways

III. Vision

     A. Accessory structures of the eye and their functions

     B. Inter-relationship of the 3 layers of the eyeball and their functions

     C. Fluid of the anterior and posterior cavities of the eye

     D. Function of the retina and fovea

          1. Rods vs cones

     E. Visual pathways

IV. Vision Abnormalities

V. Disorders and the Special Senses

     A. Aging and the special senses

     B. Trauma and infection and the special senses

NOTE: Extensive use of human cadaver in laboratory provides students with exposure to actual body structures.  Dissection of animal organs is used when appropriate.  Human cadaver study will be enhanced with digital imaging technology.

LABORATORY COMPONENT

It is the intent and design of the laboratory component of this course to be an instructor - facilitated, student-centered, hands-on, activity-based, and inquiry-based learning experience focused upon the study of human cadavers.

BI 121 Laboratory Component Activities

•  Body Organization and Terminology - Students are expected to come to the first lab meeting already having learned this information.  Students will be apprised of this by their lecture instructor prior to the first lab meeting.

•  Orientation and Microscope/Cell Structure Lab - Explanation of lab policies and safety procedures.　 Microscope use demonstration and exercises.  Investigation of cell structures and an overview of mitosis, with a subsequent examination of microscopic anatomy.

•  Histology, Integumentary System, and Endocrine System Overview - Presentation on histology (focused on epithelial and connective tissues), the integument, and endocrine system.  Investigation of the microscopic anatomy of selected epithelial and connective tissues. Identification of selected integumentary and endocrine structures on models and diagrams.

•  Skeletal System (2 labs) - Presentation on skeletal anatomy and histology.  Investigation of microscopic anatomy.  Identification of gross anatomy with models and human skeletons.

•  Muscular System (2 labs) - Presentation on muscular system anatomy and histology.  Investigation of microscopic anatomy.  Identification of gross anatomy with models and human cadavers with an emphasis upon human cadavers.

•  Nervous System (2 labs - Fall/Summer; 3 labs - Winter) - Presentation on nervous system and special senses anatomy and nervous histology.  Investigation of microscopic anatomy.  Identification of gross anatomy with models, sheep brain, cow eye, and human cadavers with an emphasis upon human cadavers.

Note - The outline above is not comprehensive for the structures and terminology that is required of students in this laboratory.  Instructors are expected to follow the objectives and lab supplement(s) developed and adopted by the current team of full-time instructors whose primary teaching load is in anatomy and physiology courses.

Laboratory

- group work: 80-90%

- lecture: 5-10%

- mediated instruction: 0-10%

- facilitated discussion: 5-10%

- Unit and final exams in a lecture or laboratory course may not be administered in a take-home format.  Unit and final exams that are administered online shall either be given in an assessment facility (e.g., GRCC Assessment/Testing Center) or utilizing an exam monitoring program/resource that incorporates a lockdown browser and the use of a video monitoring system (e.g., Respondus Lockdown Browser with Monitor).  Any online administration would require that the student provide identification (e.g., driver’s license, GRCC I.D.).

Course Grading Requirements

Lecture (70% of course grade)

    - Unit Tests:  55-100%

    - Presentations/Projects:  0- 5%

    - Assignments/Homework:  0-10%

    - Common Final Comprehensive Exam:  0-20%

    - Service Learning:  0-10%

*Extra credit shall not exceed 2% of lecture points


Laboratory (30% of course grade)

    - Four Lab Practical Exams:  90-100%

    - Assignments/Homework:  0-10%                   


**No extra credit/bonus points may be awarded in laboratory.