BI 117 - General Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Describe key physiological processes in selected organ systems. (GELO 6)

3. Analyze the major relationships between selected organ systems.

4. Explain homeostasis and describe how homeostatic mechanisms are essential for normal physiological processes.

5. Apply a comprehension of three-dimensional anatomical relationships.

6. Identify and describe the structure and function of selected components of animal cells and the tissue that they comprise.

7. Relate the significance of energy processing to selected organ systems.

8. Interpret normal functions of the body with respect to homeostasis. 

9. Relate the significance of regulatory systems to selected organ systems.

10. Demonstrate an ability to trace a sequence of biological events in a physiological process. (GELO 6)

11.  Create and/or organize data and information into meaningful patterns in order to interpret and draw inferences from it. (GELO 7)

Introduction to Science, Anatomy and Physiology

I. The Study of Science

    A. Fields of anatomy and physiology

    B. Nature of science

    C. Process of science

II. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. Anatomical terminology

2. Overview of organ systems and their basic function

3. Characteristics of life/levels of organization

III. Homeostasis

     A. Negative feedback explanation and examples

     B. Positive feedback explanation and examples

IV. Anatomical Terms

     A. Superficial and regional anatomy

     B. Directional and sectional terms

     C. Body cavities

          1. Dorsal body cavities

          2. Ventral body cavities

               a. Serous membranes

Chemical Level of Organization

I. Atoms and Molecules

     A. The three states of matter

     B.  Structure of an atom

II. Chemical Reactions

     A. The three basic types of chemical reactions constitute metabolism

          1. Decomposition reactions

          2. Synthesis reactions

          3. Exchange reaction

     B. Enzymes

          1. Definition of activation energy

          2. Definition of catalyst

          3. Factors that affect enzymes

III. The Importance of Water in the Body

     A. Properties of water

          1. Lubrication

          2. Reactivity

          3. High heat capacity

IV. Homeostasis of Body Fluid pH

          1. Definition of pH

          2. Differences between acids and bases

V. Organic Compounds

     A. Carbohydrates

          1. Functions of carbohydrates in body

          2. Monosaccharides – examples and primary functions

          3. Disaccharides – examples and primary functions

          4. Polysaccharides – examples and primary functions

     B. Lipids

 1. Fatty acids – examples (including saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) and primary functions

          2. Glycerides – examples and primary functions

          3. Phospholipids – examples and primary functions

          4. Steroids – examples and primary functions

     C. Proteins

          1. Examples of proteins, primary functions, subunits

          2. The effects of denaturation on the structural and functional properties of a protein

     D. Nucleic acids

         1. Definition of a nucleic acid

2. DNA – sugar, nitrogenous bases, number of nucleotides in typical molecule, shape of molecule, primary function

3. RNA- sugar, nitrogenous bases, number of nucleotides in typical molecule, shape of molecule, primary function

     E. ATP

          1. Basic structure

          2. Primary function

Cellular Level of Organization

I. An Introduction to Cells

     A. Plasma membrane structure and function

     B. Organelles - description and function of:

          1. Flagella

          2. Microvilli

          3. Cilia

          4. Endoplasmic reticulum

          5. Golgi appartus

          6. Mitochondria

                 a. Aerobic respiration

                        i. Location

                       ii. Gas requirements

                       iii. End products

                       iv. Contrast with anaerobic respiration/glycolysis

     C.  Structure and function of the nucleus

          1. Contents and structure of nucleus

          2. Difference between DNA and chromosome

           3. Number of chromosomes in somatic cells vs sex cells

II. How Substances Enter and Leave the Cell

     A. Concept of selectively permeability

     B. Passive transport mechanisms

          1. Diffusion

          2. Osmosis

          3. Carrier-mediated transport/facilitated diffusion

     C. Active transport mechanisms

          1. Active transport (ion pumps)

          2. Vesicular transport

               a. Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

               b. Exocytosis

III. The Cell Life Cycle

     A. Interphase

     B. Mitosis

     C. Characteristics of cancer

     D. Characteristics of a stem cell

Tissues and the Integumentary System

I. Definition of a Tissue and Brief Introduction to Four Categories of Tissues in Body

II. Definition of a Membrane and Brief Introduction to the Four Categories of Membranes in the Body

III. Functional Anatomy of the Skin

     A. Functions of the integumentary system

     B. Composition of the epidermis

     C. Factors influencing skin color

          1. Epidermal pigmentation

          2. Dermal circulation

     D. Structure and function of the dermis and hypodermis

II. Accessory Organs of the Skin

     A. Hair composition and function

     B. Sebaceous and sweat glands

          1. Type of glands

          2. Locations

          3. Functions

     C. Nail composition and function

     D. Ultraviolet radiation and the integument

     E. Clinical considerations: burns, carcinomas, melanomas

Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure

I. Introduction to the Bones of the Skeletal System

     A. Functions of the skeletal system

     B. Classify bones according to shape and structure

     C. Anatomy of a long bone

     D. Histology of bone

          1. Cells and their functions

          2. Matrix composition and function

          F. Endochondral ossification process (major events)

     G. Intramembranous ossification process (major events)

 II. Physiology of Bones

     A. Primary hormones regulating calcium ion metabolism

          1. Parathyroid hormone

          2. Calcitonin

     B. Hormones regulating bone growth and development

          1. Growth hormone

          2. Sex hormones

III. Clinical Considerations

A. Rickets and osteomalacia

B. Osteoporosis

C. Others to consider: gigantism, dwarfism

IV. Fracture Repair

Articulations

I. Joint Design and Movement

     A. Functional category

          1. Synarthrosis

          2. Amphiarthrosis

          3. Diarthrosis

     B. Structural category and type

          1. Fibrous (suture and gomphosis)

          2. Cartilagenous (synchondrosis)

          3. Bony fusion (synostosis)

          4. Synovial

               a. Structure of typical synovial joint

               b. Functional properties (i.e. types of motion permitted)

               c. Examples of synovial joints

 II. Arthritis

Muscular System

I. Functions of the Muscular System

II. Functional Anatomy of Muscle Tissue

     A. Skeletal muscle tissue

     B. Cardiac muscle tissue

     C. Smooth muscle tissue

III.Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle

     A. Connective tissue coverings

     B. Muscle fibers, myoblasts, myosatellite cells

     C. Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber

          1. Myofilaments and sarcomeres

          2. T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

 IV. Skeletal Muscle Contraction

     A. Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

     B. Events at the neuromuscular junction

     C. ATP usage in muscle fiber contraction

          1. Stored energy sources (ATP, CP, glycogen)

          2.  Glycolysis review

          3. Aerobic respiration review

V. Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

VI. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and their Properties

     A. Fast

     B. Slow

     C. Intermediate

XI. Clinical Considerations

     A. Hypertrophy

     B. Atrophy

     C. Paralysis

     D. Others to consider (polio, tetanus, muscular dystrophies, botulism, myasthenia gravis)

Nervous System

I.Organization and General Functions

II. Nervous System Histology

   A. Basic anatomy of a neuron

   B. Types of neurons

    C. Neuroglia

III. The Synapse

   A. Anatomy of synapse

    B. Role of neurotransmitters

IV. Anatomy and Physiology of Principle Components of the Central Nervous System

   A. Cerebral cortex (grey matter)

    B. White matter and the corpus callosum

     C. Functional regions of the cerebral cortex

1. Frontal lobes

2. Parietal lobes

3. Occipital lobes

4. Temopral lobes

5. General interpretive area (Wernicke’s area)

    D. Diencepahlon

       1. Thalamus

        2. Hypothalamus

        3. Pituitary gland

     E. Cerebellum

     F. Brain stem

1.  Midbrain

2. Pons

3. Medulla oblongata

    G. Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid

          1. Locations

          2. Functions

     H. Spinal cord

1. Anatomy and physiology of principle components of the peripheral nervous system

2. Anatomy of a nerve – covered in lab

3. Role of the autonomic nervous system

4. Characteristics of the sympathetic division

5. Characteristics of the parasympathetic division

6. Clinical considerations

Endocrine System

I.General Functions

II. Examples of Glands and their Hormones

III. Similarities and Differences between the Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Cardiovascular System

I.General Functions of Cardiovascular System

II. Blood

1. Types of blood cells and their functions

2. Blood typing

III. Heart anatomy

     A. Chambers

     B. Great vessels

     C. Pulmonary and systemic circuits

IV. Heart Physiology

     A. Conducting pathway

     B. Systole and diastole

     C. ECG waves

V. Blood Vessel Anatomy

VI. Blood Pressure

      A. Definition

      B. Cardiac output (heart rate)

      C. Blood volume

      D. Blood viscosity

      E. Peripheral resistance

      F. Elasticity of arteries

Lymphatic System and Immunity

I.General Functions of the Lymphatic System

II. Definition of Immunity and Immune System

III. Anatomy and Physiology of Principle Components of the Lymphatic System

     A. Lymph

     B. Lymph vessels

     C. Lymphatic tissues and organs

1. Lymph nodes

2. Tonsils
3. Spleen
4. Thymus
5. Appendix

IV. Non-Specific Defenses

V. Specific Defenses

     A. B cells

     B. T cells

     C. Primary vs secondary immune responses

     D. How immunizations work and types of immunity

           1. Naturally acquired active

           2. Naturally acquired passive

           3. Artificially acquired active

            4. Artificially acquired passive

Respiratory System

I.General Functions of Respiratory System

II. Anatomy and Physiology of the Principle Structures of the Respiratory System

      A. Nares, nasal cavity, nasal conchae, sinuses

      B. Naso-, Oro-, Laryngopharynx

      C. Larynx

      D. Trachea

      F. Bronchi

     G. Bronchioles

     H. Lungs

III. Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation

IV. Gas Exchange

    A. External respiration

    B. Internal respiration

    C. Transportation of respiratory gases

    D. Respiration and pH homeostasis

V. Control of Respiration

VI. Clinical Considerations

Digestive System

I.General Functions of the Digestive System

II. Anatomy and Physiology of the Principle Structures of the Alimentary Canal

    A. Oral cavity

    B. Pharynx

    C. Esophagus

    D. Stomach

    E. Small intestine

    F. Large intestine

III. Anatomy and Physiology of the Accessory Structures of the Alimentary Canal

     A. Salivary glands

     B. Teeth

     C. Liver

         1. Bile ducts

    D. Gallbladder

    F. Pancreas

V. Clinical Considerations

Urinary System

I.General Functions of the Urinary System

II. Anatomy of the Principle Structures of the Urinary System

   A. Macroscopic anatomy

1. Renal pyramids (medulla)

2. Renal cortex

3. Calyces

4. Renal pelvis

   B. Microscopic anatomy

1. Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

2. Proximal convoluted tubule

3. Nephron loop

4. Distal convoluted tubule

5. Collecting duct

   C. Circulation

1. Afferent and efferent arterioles
2. Glomerulus
3. Peritubular capillaries

III. Physiological Processes of Urine Formation

   A. Filtration

   B. Reabsorption

   C. Secretion

IV. Kidneys Role in Water and pH Balance

V. Clinical Considerations

Reproductive System

I. General Functions of the Reproductive System

II. Anatomy and Physiology of the Principle Structures of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems

III. Meiosis

IV. The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles

V. The Role of Testosterone and Estrogen

Laboratory component of the course: It is the intent and design of the laboratory component of this course to be an instructor-facilitated, student-centered, hands-on, activity-based, and inquiry-based learning experience.  Each of the following laboratory exercises will be conducted in accordance with the Student Performance Objectives (SPOs) that have been developed by full-time faculty teaching the majority of their course-load in BI 117.  Some laboratory exercises are designed to precede the lecture and some follow the lecture. Each laboratory exercise that follows is designated as a (Pre-lecture) or a (Post-lecture)

Ex. 1 Body Organization and Anatomical Terminology (Homework assignment to be completed during the first week of the semester.) (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 1 Use of the Microscope and Cell Structure (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 2 Macromolecules, Membrane Transport, DNA Gel Electrophoresis and Mitosis (Post-lecture)

Ex. 3 Tissues, Integumentary and Endocrine Systems – Anatomy (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 4 Skeletal System – Anatomy (including histology) (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 5 Muscular System - Muscle tissues and gross muscle anatomy (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 6 Nervous System - Anatomy of brain, spinal cord, primary nerves, and calf brain dissection. (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 7 Circulatory System - Blood characteristics, Heart Anatomy, major Arteries and Veins (including histology) and blood pressure physiology (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 8 Respiratory System - Anatomy (including histology) and measuring lung volumes (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 9 Digestive System – Anatomy (including histology) (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 10 Urinary System – Anatomy (including histology) and urinalysis (Pre-lecture)

Ex. 11 Reproductive System – Anatomy (including histology) (Pre-lecture)

Laboratory
- group work: 80-90%
- lecture: 5-10%
- mediated instruction: 0-10%
- facilitated discussion: 5-10%

- The sequence of the lecture content must correlate with the BI 117 laboratory schedule in a way that allows students to be exposed to structures and hands-on activities in lab preceding the discussion of the functions in lecture as closely as possible.

- The BI 117 Laboratory Student Performance Objectives details the specific concepts and science content required in the laboratory component of this course. Lab exercises will be covered in the order listed in the BI 117 laboratory schedule, as determined by the BI 117 Curriculum Committee.

- It is the intent and design of the laboratory component of this course to be an instructor-facilitated, student-centered, hands-on, activity-based, and inquiry-based learning experience.

-Unit and final exams in a lecture, on-line or laboratory course may not be administered in a take-home or on-line format but shall be administered in the classroom, in a supervised assessment facility (e.g., GRCC Assessment/Testing Center), or utilizing an exam monitoring program/resource that incorporates a lockdown browser and the use of a video monitoring system (e.g., Respondus Lockdown Browser with Monitor) that verifies student identification.

Course Grading Requirements

Lecture

    -    Unit Tests: 55-65%

    -    Presentations/Projects: 0-5%

    -    Assignments/homework: 0-10%

    -    Common Final Comprehensive Exam: 10-20%

    -    Service learning: 0-10%

        *Extra credit shall not exceed 2% of lecture points



Laboratory

    -   Three lab practical exams          

-Weekly quizzes                    

  **No extra credit/bonus points may be awarded in laboratory.